A phosphate mineral rich in rare earth elements, primarily used for rare earth extraction and as a source of thorium.

Widely used in the production of rare earth metals for high-performance magnets in wind turbines and electric vehicles, catalysts in petroleum refining, polishing powders for optics, and in some cases as a thorium source for advanced nuclear fuel cycles.

Found as monazite sand or concentrate (rare earth phosphate mineral [(Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO₄]) typically produced as a byproduct of heavy mineral sand mining for titanium and zircon.

A heavy, iron- and manganese-bearing tantalum oxide mineral [(Fe,Mn)Ta₂O₆], and the primary ore of tantalum, a critical technology metal.

Tantalum is widely used in the manufacture of capacitors for electronics (smartphones, laptops, automotive systems, aerospace), in superalloys for jet engines, in surgical implants and medical devices (due to tantalum’s biocompatibility), and in specialty glass and cutting tools.

Found in pegmatite deposits and as alluvial concentrates; typically mined in Africa (Nigeria, DRC, Rwanda) and parts of South America and Australia. Often produced as a concentrate (tantalite ore) that must be refined to extract tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅) before further processing.

Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) is a renewable, paraffinic diesel fuel produced through the hydrotreatment of waste and residue-based feedstocks such as used cooking oil, animal fats, and other sustainable lipids.

Chemically similar to fossil diesel but free of oxygen, sulfur, and aromatics, HVO is fully compatible with existing diesel engines and infrastructure.

HVO delivers significant lifecycle greenhouse-gas reductions relative to conventional diesel, alongside superior performance characteristics including high cetane number, improved cold-flow properties, and reduced particulate, NOₓ, and sulfur emissions.

It is increasingly used across transport, logistics, construction, mining, and backup power generation as a drop-in solution for decarbonization without operational disruption.

Produced in advanced refineries primarily in Europe, North America, and parts of Asia, HVO is traded as a finished fuel meeting standards such as EN 15940 and ASTM D975/D396 equivalents, and is typically supplied to end users under long-term offtake or spot contracts linked to feedstock availability and sustainability certification.